5 thoughts on “Oracle, Jinwen, and Xiaoyan, what's the matter?”
Chad
1. Oracle It about 150,000 pieces of oracle bones and more than 4,500 words. The content recorded by these Oracle texts is extremely rich, involving many aspects of the social life of the Shang Dynasty, not only the content of politics, military, cultural, social customs, but also scientific and technologicals such as astronomy, calendar, and medicine. It about 1,500 words recognized by Oracle, it already has the method of making words "pictographs, consequences, metaphysics, fingerprints, bets, and fake borrowings", showing the unique charm of Chinese characters. The Chinese Shang Dynasty and the early Western Zhou Dynasty (about 16 ~ 10th century BC) with turtle shells and animal bones as the carrier. 2. Golden text is the name of a book body in ancient Chinese characters. The general name of the text on the bronze wares during the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Warring States Period. Golden Wen can be divided into four types, that is, the Shang Dynasty Jinwen (around 1300 BC ~ Around 1046), the Western Zhou Dynasty Jinwen (around 1046 to 771 BC), East Zhou Jinwen (770th ~ 222 BC BC BC The Qin and Han Jinwen (221st to 219th). 3. Xiaoyan is after Qin Shihuang's unification of China (221), and the policy of "the same text, the same car", and the uniformly measured policy. Based on the text, simplify the text of the six nations, and create a form of Chinese characters with unified text. It was gradually replaced by Lishu in the late Western Han Dynasty (about 8 AD). But because of its beautiful fonts, it is always favored by calligraphers. Because of its complicated strokes, the forms are strange, and can be added at will, the seal is engraved, especially the official seal that needs to be anti -counterfeit. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the princes were separated, and the Chinese characters in various countries had simple and different, and the words were multi -shape. Peng Shihuang to destroy the six kingdoms, or ordered the "small 篆" of Qin Kingdom as a standard to unify the national text. The larvae, also known as the "scripture", is a collective name of Xiaozhang and Dayan. Because it is used to calling the essay as Daquan, the descendants often refer to Xiaoyan. The expansion information: Throphic characteristics: . From the text on the oracle bone, they already have three elements: pen, knot, and chapters of Chinese calligraphy. The lines of the pen are strict and thin, and the rusts are well -interested. From the perspective of structural fonts, the text is not only changing. Although the size is different, they are relatively balanced and symmetrical, and it also shows a stable pattern. This, from the perspective of the rules, although the size and shape of the bone slices, the engraved techniques and the artistic characteristics of the writing are still expressed. "Oracle Calligraphy" is now popular among some calligraphers and calligraphy enthusiasts, which proves its charm. . From the perspective of the pen, the oracle bone text is engraved with a hard tortoise shell or animal bone because of the knife. The thickness of the strokes is also more uniform; because the knife and the knife are straight up, most lines show the slightly thin ends in the middle, which look thin and solid, straight and refreshing, and full of three -dimensional sense. . In terms of words, the shape of the Oracle text is mostly a rectangular or minority square, and it has a symmetrical beauty or a polymer. In addition, Oracle also has a combination of squares in the knot. The structure form of the opening and closing conclusion, and some words also have more or less traces of pictographs, and have the childishness and vividness of the initial development stage of the text. . From the perspective of the rules, the entire line of the line is clear, and the text is wrong. Each row, although there are dense changes, but the whole article can act in a lively situation that can run in a string, dependence on size, corresponding to the left and right, and echo the front and back. In addition, there are many words, and the whole article arranges compact, giving people a sense of dense, and those with few words appear to be sparse and empty. The classification of Jinwen: . The Shang Dynasty Jinwen Even after the Shang Dynasty had bronze, the beginning of the golden text, after the Geng Geng moved to Yin (now northwest of Anyang, Henan). At the beginning, there were only a few numbers, and at the beginning of the beginning of the week, it had reached more than two hundred words. At the end of the business, there are more bronze wares of golden texts, but the description is still very simple, mostly the name of the castor or its ancestors. When the business died, the articles appeared, but the longest article at that time still had only more than forty words. . The Golden Wenwen of the Western Zhou Dynasty and from the Zhou Dynasty business, the golden texts gradually became happy, and the emperor, such as Zhao Wang southern patrol, Mu Wang Xiyuan, etc., there are many descriptions. three, Dong Zhou Jinwen . From the east of the Ping Wang to fall, the iron ware gradually saw, and the bronze music such as bells gradually became more and more than the outside of the bronze ware. Like, only for the princes, the fighting skills, and the scales are all cast. At this time, Jin Wen was widely used, and it was a heyday. . Qin and Han Jinwen Qin Shihuang was unified with the world, and the book was ordered in the same text. Wen gradually declined. As of the Han Dynasty, the folk cast the inscription on the ironware. The bronze device was not reused. Jin Wen was not seen in history. The characteristics: . It is a rectangular, with the word and semi -character, the word is a positive body, the semi -word is the perpendicular foot, and the general proportion is about 3: 2. . The strokes are horizontal and vertical, the round is uniform, and the thickness is basically the same. All horizontal paintings and vertical paintings are parallel, all strokes are dominated by round, round up and round, and the square is round. . It is a balanced symmetry. Balanced space division and symmetry are the unique charm of seal books. Symmetry not only exists in the left and right symmetry, the upper and lower symmetry, but also the local symmetry of the word. . It is the top of the upper and lower loose. Most of the main parts of the small font are in the upper part, and the lower half of the lower part is a telescopic foot. Of course, there are also characters with no feet. The main strokes are in the lower part, and the upper strokes can be towering. Reference information Source: Baidu Encyclopedia-Chinese characters
Introduction to Oracle Bone] The oracle essay mainly refers to Yinxu Oracle, which is the text of the royal family in the later period of the Chinese Shang Dynasty (14th to 11th centuries). It is the earliest text in the ancient text that has been discovered in China and a relatively complete system.
The oracle text is an ancient text in China. It is considered to be an early form of modern Chinese characters. Sometimes it is also considered one of the books of Chinese characters. It is also the oldest mature text in China. Oracle is also known as instrument, tortoise shells, or turtle armor bone. The Shang Dynasty people used the divination time, the name of the divination, the divination of the divination, the divination of the divination, and the divination. However, the specific situation has a detailed difference due to the stage of oracle. It is roughly the most complete rhetoric of the Wuding period, and it is also the period when the number of existing number is the largest. Scholars call this record as a resignation, and this text is oracle. Yinxu Oracle is a record of divination of Yin Dynasty. It is the earliest mature text in China. Known as the earliest "archive library" in ancient China. About 150,000 pieces of oracle bones and more than 4,500 words are currently found. The content recorded by these Oracle texts is extremely rich, involving many aspects of the social life of the Shang Dynasty, not only the content of politics, military, cultural, social customs, but also scientific and technologicals such as astronomy, calendar, and medicine. From the perspective of about 1500 words recognized by Oracle, it already has the method of making words "pictographs, consequences, metaphysics, fingerprints, bets, and fake borrowings", showing the unique charm of Chinese characters. The Chinese Shang Dynasty and the early Western Zhou Dynasty (about 16 ~ 10th century BC) with turtle shells and animal bones as the carrier. It is the earliest form of known Chinese literature. The text engraved on the armor and bone was first known as the deed text, the oracle bone carving, the rhetoric, the turtle version of the text, the text of the Yinxu, etc., which is now called Oracle.商周帝王由于迷信，凡事都要用龟甲(以龟腹甲为常见)或兽骨(以牛肩胛骨为常见)进行占卜，然后把占卜的有关事情(如占卜时间、占卜者、占问内容、 Visiting the results of the tribal, verification, etc.) is engraved on the nail bone, and as a archive material, it is preserved by the royal historian (see the armor file). In addition to divination, there are a few notes in Oracle Literature. The content of Oracle literature involved in astronomy, calendar, meteorology, geography, Fang Guo, Fang Guo, Fang, family, figures, officials, conquests, prison, agriculture, animal husbandry, field hunting, transportation, religion, diseases, fertility, disaster, disaster, etc. It is an extremely precious first -hand information that studies the history, culture, and language of ancient Chinese society, especially the Shang Dynasty. Golden text The name of a book body in ancient Chinese characters. The general name of the text on the bronze wares during the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Warring States Period. Wu Shifen of the Qing Dynasty compiled the inscriptions of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties into the book "Guan Gu Lu Jin Wen". There were many collected materials. The test was rigorous and the impact was quite impact. The term Jin Wen said. At this time, the so -called Jinwen refers to the inscriptions of the entire article, unknown words. In 1925, Rong Geng edited the "Golden Essays" and compiled the words in the inscriptions of the Shang and Zhou Tongshuo in accordance with the order of "Said the Word" as a dictionary. From then on, Jin Wen became a book name. Jin Wen appeared in the middle of the Shang Dynasty. Although there were not many information, the age was earlier than Yinxu Oracle. The lower limit of the golden text was destroyed in the six kingdoms of Qin, that is, when Qin unified the Chinese text. The people's collection of copper in the Song Dynasty attached great importance to the inscriptions, such as Lu Dalin's "Archeological Map", etc.; There were also special inscriptions, such as Wang Yan's "Xiaotang Collection Ancient Records", etc.; Zhong Dingyun ". Due to the prosperity of "Said the text" and the depth of the teachings of the rhyme, under the influence of this style of academic style, inscription research has improved rapidly, and experts continue to occur, such as Wu Dazhen's "Words", "Speaking Wen Gu Ji Zongbu ", Sun Yan let" Ancient Pickups "," Another Another Theory "," Famous Yuan ", etc., all have the creativity and years of the predecessors. In the age of Jinwen, the use area is wide, and if the materials are not organized and cleaned up, the research work will not be greatly effective. Scholars have understood this in the past. Wang Guowei's "Two Week Golden Shi Yun Reading · Preface" is very clear about the concept of time and place. Guo Moruo's "Two Week Golden Cultivation Series · Preface" said: "When the era is based on the country's other, ... the rest of the Western Zhou Dynasty can be collected or near, 160 and two or two instruments ... … It is based on the country's other person, and in the past, it is also the time to obtain the 160s of the wenfan of the country. "This is an epoch -making initiative in the research of Jinwen. In 1985, Rong Geng's "Jinwen Editor" revised the fourth edition of the 4th edition of 3902 pieces, collected 2420 words (knowledgeable words), and 1352 words (not sure words), totaling 3772 words. This is the total number of Jinwen can be seen today. The pre -Qin text information is not limited to Jin Wen, and the golden text is the main thing after all. It reflects the basic situation of the development and change of Chinese characters in more than 1,000 years before Qin's unified text.
The representatives of 籀 籀, named the book of Tai Shiwen, Zhou Xuanwen. On the basis of the original text, he reformed it and was named because he was engraved on the stone drum. It was the earliest stone text that has been circulating so far, as the ancestor of the stone carving. This names of Chinese characters. The essays or "Da Ye", the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are connected in the Qin Kingdom. The fonts are similar to the Qin Xuan, but the structure of the glyphs overlap. The name of a book body in ancient Chinese characters. Also called "Book of Books", also known as Dayao. Starting in the later years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was in the Qin Kingdom. The font is similar to Qin Xuan, but the structure of the glyphs overlaps. Xu Shen's "Speaking Words" uses Xiaoyan as a positive character, and the essay included in "The Word of Specs" can be called "Said the text". It two types of alien characters, one is called ancient text, and one is called the text, which refers to the different words in the "History". The handed down "Stone Drumwen" and "Cursing Chu Wen" are all works of Qin in the middle of the Warring States Period. Both of them belong to the big ya, most of which are the same as Xiao Yan, and there are many essays listed by the "Speaking". How many words "Shi Yan Chapter" is unknown. Xu Shen sees 9 articles and gives 220 different words. r also called "Qin Yan". Towel in the Qin Dynasty. The shape is long, uniform and complete, and it is derived from the big ya. Xu Shen, the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Speaking and Syllabus · Syrian" stated: "Emperor Qin Shi and the world at the beginning of the world ... 》, Tai Shi Ling Hu Wu respects the "Loch -to -Scholarship", all take history, or the so -called small crickets. " That is the masterpiece of Xiaoyan. A small 篆 engraved on Qin Quan is said to be the small man written by Li Si Shu after the unification of Qin Shihuang, which was promoted to "the same text, the same car of the car", and the unified and measured policy. On the basis of the original use of Qin State, simplify the forms of alien characters of other six countries, and the formation of unified text Chinese characters in other six countries. It has been popular in China to the late Western Han Dynasty before being gradually replaced by Lishu. It is always favored by the calligrapher. And because of its complicated strokes, strange forms, and can be added at will, seal engraved, especially the official seal that needs to be anti -counterfeiting. Appears. The Kangxi Dictionary also has a small way to write all the characters. cursive cursive writing is a font for convenient writing. It started in the early Han Dynasty. The scribbled Lishu, which was later developed, forming a "Zhangcao" with artistic value. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhi changed the "Zhangcao" as "Jincao", and the word was made. Sucai has developed into a "crazy grass" with a variety of glyphs. The characteristics of The cursive is characterized by simple structure and strokes. Conflict; Jincao started in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, with diverse styles and beautiful pens. Such as the Tang Dynasty Zhang Xu's "Thousands of Crimson", "Four of the Ancient Poems", Huai Su Seng's "Self -narrative Post", etc., Sun Guoting's "Book Book" is different, and it is not connected, but it is lively and beautiful. "Grass" is relatively symmetrical and "small grass". The grass is purely used by grass, and it is difficult to identify. Zhang Xu and Huai Su are so good. "Book" talks about classic calligraphy: Xiao Cao learn to dedicate, to learn to learn, and to learn Zhang Xu in the grass. Zhang Xu has a variety of changes in shape. It is often a number of numbers. The momentum between the interval is constant and difficult to identify, forming a unique style. Sadness and joy, resentment, admiration, drunk, boring, unevenness, and being moved in the heart, they must be in cursive script. "Therefore, learning Zhang Xu is difficult. Or it is called true books. Its characteristics are: the body is positive, the strokes are straight, and can be used as a model, so the name. Beginning in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are many famous masters in the regular script, such as "European style" (Ouyang Xun), "Yu Shi Nan), and "Yan Zhenqing" (Yan Zhenqing), "Liu Tuan" (Liu Gongquan), "Zhao Tuan" (Zhao Yuxia) Wait. Song Xuanhe Books: "There are Wang Cizhong in the early Han Dynasty, and the words were used as a regular script." According to rumors: "On the tomb of Confucius, a regular tree of Zigongzhi, the branches are straight but not flexed." The "regular script" in the early days still remains very few lixtures. , "Recommended Season", Wang Xizhi's "Le Yi Theory" and "Huang Ting Jing", etc., can be a masterpiece. Looking at the characteristics, as Weng Fanggang said, "The waves of Lishu, pecking and picking, and still existence of the ancient life." Peofedish in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the north and south were divided, and the calligraphy was also divided into north and south. In the north, with the heritage of Han Li, the style of the pen is ancient and righteous, and the style is simple and strict, which is longer than the list of books. The south school calligraphy is more sparsely displayed, which is longer than the ruler. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, due to the differences in regional, personal habits and style of books are very different. The North Book is strong, and the southern book is borrowed, and its own wonderfulness has no differences. Kang's ten beauty to emphasize the advantages of Wei Bei. The regular script of the Tang Dynasty, like the prosperity of the state of the Tang Dynasty, is really unprecedented. The book is mature, and the scholars are produced. In terms of regular script, Yu Shinan, Ouyang Xun, Chu Suiliang, Men's Yan Zhenqing, and Liu Gongquan in the late Tang Dynasty were all emphasized by later generations, and they were regarded as models of words. The ancient people to learn calligraphy: "Study books must first be in order, and to write big characters first. The big characters are based on Yan as the law, the middle case is based on the European law, and the middle case is familiar. Taking the king as the law. " However, according to the results of many years of experimental research, it is not suitable to learn too much in writing, and the middle case is more suitable. The lines of lines The font between regular script and cursive script can be said to be a cursive or cursive regularization of regular script. It is produced to make up for the writing speed of the regular script and the difficulty of cursive script. The pens are not as scribbled as cursive script, nor do they require the regular script. Kaifa is more called "Xingkai" than the grass method. The grass method is more than Kaifa's "Xingcao". The script is about the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The most famous representative works are the "Lanting Preface" of the Eastern Jin Dynasty calligraphy, Wang Xizhi. The predecessors described their words "Dragon Jumping Tianmen, Tiger lying Fengge", praised as "the first book in the world". Tang Yanzhen's book "The Arcade of the Nepheth" was very enthusiastic. The script with regular script or close to the regular script is called "Xingkai", and those with cursive or close to cursive script are called "grass". The famous representative works in Xingkai are Li Yan's "Lushan Temple Stele" in the Tang Dynasty, which is smooth and moist. There are also Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Yan, Cai Xiang, Zhao Mengfu (down) in the Yuan Dynasty, Xian Yu Shu, Kangli, Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhengming, Dong Qichang, Wang Duo, and He Shaoji of the Qing Dynasty. There are many works handed down by books or grass.
Oracle mainly refers to Yinxu Oracle, which is the text of the royal family in the later period of the Chinese Shang Dynasty (14th to 11th centuries). It is the earliest text in the ancient text that has been discovered in China and a relatively complete system.
The oracle text is an ancient text in China. It is considered to be an early form of modern Chinese characters. Sometimes it is also considered one of the books of Chinese characters. It is also the oldest mature text in China. Oracle is also known as instrument, tortoise shells, or turtle armor bone. The Shang Dynasty people used the divination time, the name of the divination, the divination of the divination, the divination of the divination, and the divination. However, the specific situation has a detailed difference due to the stage of oracle. It is roughly the most complete rhetoric of the Wuding period, and it is also the period when the number of existing number is the largest. Scholars call this record as a resignation, and this text is oracle. Yinxu Oracle is a record of divination of Yin Dynasty. It is the earliest mature text in China. Known as the earliest "archive library" in ancient China. About 150,000 pieces of oracle bones and more than 4,500 words are currently found. The content recorded by these Oracle texts is extremely rich, involving many aspects of the social life of the Shang Dynasty, not only the content of politics, military, cultural, social customs, but also scientific and technologicals such as astronomy, calendar, and medicine. From the perspective of about 1500 words recognized by Oracle, it already has the method of making words "pictographs, consequences, metaphysics, fingerprints, bets, and fake borrowings", showing the unique charm of Chinese characters. The Chinese Shang Dynasty and the early Western Zhou Dynasty (about 16 ~ 10th century BC) with turtle shells and animal bones as the carrier. It is the earliest form of known Chinese literature. The text engraved on the armor and bone was first known as the deed text, the oracle bone carving, the rhetoric, the turtle version of the text, the text of the Yinxu, etc., which is now called Oracle.商周帝王由于迷信，凡事都要用龟甲(以龟腹甲为常见)或兽骨(以牛肩胛骨为常见)进行占卜，然后把占卜的有关事情(如占卜时间、占卜者、占问内容、 Visiting the results of the tribal, verification, etc.) is engraved on the nail bone, and as a archive material, it is preserved by the royal historian (see the armor file). In addition to divination, there are a few notes in Oracle Literature. The content of Oracle literature involved in astronomy, calendar, meteorology, geography, Fang Guo, Fang Guo, Fang, family, figures, officials, conquests, prison, agriculture, animal husbandry, field hunting, transportation, religion, diseases, fertility, disaster, disaster, etc. It is an extremely precious first -hand information that studies the history, culture, and language of ancient Chinese society, especially the Shang Dynasty. Golden text The name of a book body in ancient Chinese characters. The general name of the text on the bronze wares during the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Warring States Period. Wu Shifen of the Qing Dynasty compiled the inscriptions of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties into the book "Guan Gu Lu Jin Wen". There were many collected materials. The test was rigorous and the impact was quite impact. The term Jin Wen said. At this time, the so -called Jinwen refers to the inscriptions of the entire article, unknown words. In 1925, Rong Geng edited the "Golden Essays" and compiled the words in the inscriptions of the Shang and Zhou Tongshuo in accordance with the order of "Said the Word" as a dictionary. From then on, Jin Wen became a book name. Jin Wen appeared in the middle of the Shang Dynasty. Although there were not many information, the age was earlier than Yinxu Oracle. The lower limit of the golden text was destroyed in the six kingdoms of Qin, that is, when Qin unified the Chinese text. The people's collection of copper in the Song Dynasty attached great importance to the inscriptions, such as Lu Dalin's "Archeological Map", etc.; There were also special inscriptions, such as Wang Yan's "Xiaotang Collection Ancient Records", etc.; Zhong Dingyun ". Due to the prosperity of "Said the text" and the depth of the teachings of the rhyme, under the influence of this style of academic style, inscription research has improved rapidly, and experts continue to occur, such as Wu Dazhen's "Words", "Speaking Wen Gu Ji Zongbu ", Sun Yan let" Ancient Pickups "," Another Another Theory "," Famous Yuan ", etc., all have the creativity and years of the predecessors. In the age of Jinwen, the use area is wide, and if the materials are not organized and cleaned up, the research work will not be greatly effective. Scholars have understood this in the past. Wang Guowei's "Two Week Golden Shi Yun Reading · Preface" is very clear about the concept of time and place. Guo Moruo's "Two Week Golden Cultivation Series · Preface" said: "When the era is based on the country's other, ... the rest of the Western Zhou Dynasty can be collected or near, 160 and two or two instruments ... … It is based on the country's other person, and in the past, it is also the time to obtain the 160s of the wenfan of the country. "This is an epoch -making initiative in the research of Jinwen. In 1985, Rong Geng's "Jinwen Editor" revised the fourth edition of the 4th edition of 3902 pieces, collected 2420 words (knowledgeable words), and 1352 words (not sure words), totaling 3772 words. This is the total number of Jinwen can be seen today. The pre -Qin text information is not limited to Jin Wen, and the golden text is the main thing after all. It reflects the basic situation of the development and change of Chinese characters in more than 1,000 years before Qin's unified text.
The representatives of 籀 籀, named the book of Tai Shiwen, Zhou Xuanwen. On the basis of the original text, he reformed it and was named because he was engraved on the stone drum. It was the earliest stone text that has been circulating so far, as the ancestor of the stone carving. This names of Chinese characters. The essays or "Da Ye", the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are connected in the Qin Kingdom. The fonts are similar to the Qin Xuan, but the structure of the glyphs overlap. The name of a book body in ancient Chinese characters. Also called "Book of Books", also known as Dayao. Starting in the later years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was in the Qin Kingdom. The font is similar to Qin Xuan, but the structure of the glyphs overlaps. Xu Shen's "Speaking Words" uses Xiaoyan as a positive character, and the essay included in "The Word of Specs" can be called "Said the text". It two types of alien characters, one is called ancient text, and one is called the text, which refers to the different words in the "History". The handed down "Stone Drumwen" and "Cursing Chu Wen" are all works of Qin in the middle of the Warring States Period. Both of them belong to the big ya, most of which are the same as Xiao Yan, and there are many essays listed by the "Speaking". How many words "Shi Yan Chapter" is unknown. Xu Shen sees 9 articles and gives 220 different words. r also called "Qin Yan". Towel in the Qin Dynasty. The shape is long, uniform and complete, and it is derived from the big ya. Xu Shen, the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Speaking and Syllabus · Syrian" stated: "Emperor Qin Shi and the world at the beginning of the world ... 》, Tai Shi Ling Hu Wu respects the "Loch -to -Scholarship", all take history, or the so -called small crickets. " That is the masterpiece of Xiaoyan. A small 篆 engraved on Qin Quan is said to be the small man written by Li Si Shu after the unification of Qin Shihuang, which was promoted to "the same text, the same car of the car", and the unified and measured policy. On the basis of the original use of Qin State, simplify the forms of alien characters of other six countries, and the formation of unified text Chinese characters in other six countries. It has been popular in China to the late Western Han Dynasty before being gradually replaced by Lishu. It is always favored by the calligrapher. And because of its complicated strokes, strange forms, and can be added at will, seal engraved, especially the official seal that needs to be anti -counterfeiting. Appears. The Kangxi Dictionary also has a small way to write all the characters. cursive cursive writing is a font for convenient writing. It started in the early Han Dynasty. The scribbled Lishu, which was later developed, forming a "Zhangcao" with artistic value. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhi changed the "Zhangcao" as "Jincao", and the word was made. Sucai has developed into a "crazy grass" with a variety of glyphs. The characteristics of The cursive is characterized by simple structure and strokes. Conflict; Jincao started in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, with diverse styles and beautiful pens. Such as the Tang Dynasty Zhang Xu's "Thousands of Crimson", "Four of the Ancient Poems", Huai Su Seng's "Self -narrative Post", etc., Sun Guoting's "Book Book" is different, and it is not connected, but it is lively and beautiful. "Grass" is relatively symmetrical and "small grass". The grass is purely used by grass, and it is difficult to identify. Zhang Xu and Huai Su are so good. "Book" talks about classic calligraphy: Xiao Cao learn to dedicate, to learn to learn, and to learn Zhang Xu in the grass. Zhang Xu has a variety of changes in shape. It is often a number of numbers. The momentum between the interval is constant and difficult to identify, forming a unique style. Sadness and joy, resentment, admiration, drunk, boring, unevenness, and being moved in the heart, they must be in cursive script. "Therefore, learning Zhang Xu is difficult. Or it is called true books. Its characteristics are: the body is positive, the strokes are straight, and can be used as a model, so the name. Beginning in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are many famous masters in the regular script, such as "European style" (Ouyang Xun), "Yu Shi Nan), and "Yan Zhenqing" (Yan Zhenqing), "Liu Tuan" (Liu Gongquan), "Zhao Tuan" (Zhao Yuxia), etc. Essence Song Xuanhe Books: "There are Wang Cizhong in the early Han Dynasty, and the words were used as a regular script." According to rumors: "On the tomb of Confucius, a regular tree of Zigongzhi, the branches are straight but not flexed." The "regular script" in the early days still remains very few lixtures. , "Recommended Season", Wang Xizhi's "Le Yi Theory" and "Huang Ting Jing", etc., can be a masterpiece. Looking at the characteristics, as Weng Fanggang said, "The waves of Lishu, pecking and picking, and still existence of the ancient life." Peofedish in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the north and south were divided, and the calligraphy was also divided into north and south. In the north, with the heritage of Han Li, the style of the pen is ancient and righteous, and the style is simple and strict, which is longer than the list of books. The south school calligraphy is more sparsely displayed, which is longer than the ruler. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, due to the differences in regional, personal habits and style of books are very different. The North Book is strong, and the southern book is borrowed, and its own wonderfulness has no differences. Kang's ten beauty to emphasize the advantages of Wei Bei. The regular script of the Tang Dynasty, like the prosperity of the state of the Tang Dynasty, is really unprecedented. The book is mature, and the scholars are produced. In terms of regular script, Yu Shinan, Ouyang Xun, Chu Suiliang, Men's Yan Zhenqing, and Liu Gongquan in the late Tang Dynasty were all emphasized by later generations, and they were regarded as models of words. The ancient people to learn calligraphy: "Study books must first be in order, and to write big characters first. The big characters are based on Yan as the law, the middle case is based on the European law, and the middle case is familiar. Taking the king as the law. " However, according to the results of many years of experimental research, it is not suitable to learn too much in writing, and the middle case is more suitable. The lines of lines The font between regular script and cursive script can be said to be a cursive or cursive regularization of regular script. It is produced to make up for the writing speed of the regular script and the difficulty of cursive script. The pens are not as scribbled as cursive script, nor do they require the regular script. Kaifa is more called "Xingkai" than the grass method. The grass method is more than Kaifa's "Xingcao". The script is about the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The most famous representative works are the "Lanting Preface" of the Eastern Jin Dynasty calligraphy, Wang Xizhi. The predecessors described their words "Dragon Jumping Tianmen, Tiger lying Fengge", praised as "the first book in the world". Tang Yanzhen's book "The Arcade of the Nepheth" was very enthusiastic. The script with regular script or close to the regular script is called "Xingkai", and those with cursive or close to cursive script are called "grass". The famous representative works in Xingkai are Li Yan's "Lushan Temple Stele" in the Tang Dynasty, which is smooth and moist. There are also Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Yan, Cai Xiang, Zhao Mengfu (down) in the Yuan Dynasty, Xian Yu Shu, Kangli, Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhengming, Dong Qichang, Wang Duo, and He Shaoji of the Qing Dynasty. There are many works handed down by books or grass, there are many works handed down
Oracle is a kind of ancient text in China, also known as "Qi Wen", "Oracle Bone", "Yinxu Text" or "Turtle Beast Bone Bone". It is the earliest mature Chinese character that we can see. It mainly refers to the texts that are used by the late Chinese business and North Korea royal family for divination notes and on the tortoise shells or beast bones. Given carrier. In the earliest villagers in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan, at the time they did not know that this was an ancient relic. It was only used as a "keel" for medicinal materials that cure all diseases. The powder wasted, and many of the extremely valuable cultural relics were wasted. Later, the late Qing Dynasty officials and Jinshi scholars Wang Yirong found the place where the Oracle Bone was always found on the oracle bone from Anyang, Henan. For more than a hundred years, more than 1,54600 nail bones have been excavated through archeological excavations and other channels. In addition, Oracle has also appeared in Henan and other parts of Shaanxi, and it continued from the late business (about 1300 BC) to the spring and autumn. The name of a book body in ancient Chinese characters. The general name of the text on the bronze wares during the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Warring States Period. Golden Wen can be divided into four types, that is, the Shang Dynasty Jinwen (around 1300 BC ~ Around 1046), the Western Zhou Dynasty Jinwen (around 1046 to 771 BC), East Zhou Jinwen (770th ~ 222 BC BC BC The Qin and Han Jinwen (221st to 219th).
The Shang Dynasty Jinwen
He even if the Shang Dynasty had bronze, the beginning of the golden text, after the Geng Geng moved to Yin (now northwest of Anyang, Henan). At the beginning, there were only a few numbers, and at the beginning of the beginning of the week, it had reached more than two hundred words. At the end of the business, there are more bronze wares of golden texts, but the description is still very simple, mostly the name of the castor or its ancestors. When the business died, the articles appeared, but the longest article at that time still had only more than forty words.
Xiaoyu, also known as Qin Xuan, is a passable book organized by the prime minister Li Si after the unity of Qin. Due to the long -term regional separation of Qin unification, the "speech was different, the text was alien", the writing form was very inconsistent, and the polygonal phenomenon was very serious. For example, there are more than 20 ways of writing "sheep", which brings great inconvenience to the development of economic and cultural exchanges. Therefore, while unified currency, car rails and measurement systems, we also focus on promoting the "book peer" policy. "Said the Wingwen · Syrian" records "Prime Minister Li Si played the same, and he would not cooperate with Qin Wen. Do not respect the writing of "Monographies", all of which are taken by Shi Yan Da, or the provinces are changed. Li Si deleted complexity on the basis of the essay, abolished the foreign body, and created Qin Xuan, unifying the text of the country. On the basis of the original Oracle, Jinwen, Jinwen Daquan and Xiaoyan, in order to allow the majority of calligraphy enthusiasts to find all Oracle, Jinwen, Jinwen Daquan and Xiaoyan On the basis of it, more than 6,000 Oracle, more than 4,500 golden texts, more than 1,000 golden texts, and more than 1,000 small seals have been recounted alone. These words are words that cannot be found in these 4 fonts.
First, from the text on the oracle bone, they already have three elements of Chinese calligraphy's pen, knot, and rules. The lines of the pen are strict and thin, and the rusts are well -interested. From the perspective of structural fonts, the text is not only changing. Although the size is different, they are relatively balanced and symmetrical, and it also shows a stable pattern. This, from the perspective of the rules, although the size and shape of the bone slices, the engraved techniques and the artistic characteristics of the writing are still expressed. "Oracle Calligraphy" is now popular among some calligraphers and calligraphy enthusiasts, which proves its charm. . From the perspective of the pen, the oracle bone text is engraved with a hard tortoise shell or animal bone because of the knife. The thickness of the strokes is also more uniform; because the knife and the knife are straight up, most lines show the slightly thin ends in the middle, which look thin and solid, straight and refreshing, and full of three -dimensional sense. . In terms of words, the shape of the Oracle text is mostly a rectangular or minority square, and it has a symmetrical beauty or a polymer. In addition, Oracle also has a combination of squares in the knot. The structure form of the opening and closing conclusion, and some words also have more or less traces of pictographs, and have the childishness and vividness of the initial development stage of the text. . From the perspective of the rules, the entire line of the line is clear, and the text is wrong. Each row, although there are dense changes, but the whole article can act in a lively situation that can run in a string, dependence on size, corresponding to the left and right, and echo the front and back. In addition, there are many words, and the whole article arranges compact, giving people a sense of dense, and those with few words appear to be sparse and empty. The classification of Jinwen: . The Shang Dynasty Jinwen Even after the Shang Dynasty had bronze, the beginning of the golden text, after the Geng Geng moved to Yin (now northwest of Anyang, Henan). At the beginning, there were only a few numbers, and at the beginning of the beginning of the week, it had reached more than two hundred words. At the end of the business, there are more bronze wares of golden texts, but the description is still very simple, mostly the name of the castor or its ancestors. When the business died, the articles appeared, but the longest article at that time still had only more than forty words. . The Golden Wenwen of the Western Zhou Dynasty and from the Zhou Dynasty business, the golden texts gradually became happy, and the emperor, such as Zhao Wang southern patrol, Mu Wang Xiyuan, etc., there are many descriptions. three, Dong Zhou Jinwen . From the east of the Ping Wang to fall, the iron ware gradually saw, and the bronze music such as bells gradually became more and more than the outside of the bronze ware. Like, only for the princes, the fighting skills, and the scales are all cast. At this time, Jin Wen was widely used, and it was a heyday. . Qin and Han Jinwen Qin Shihuang was unified with the world, and the book was ordered in the same text. Wen gradually declined. As of the Han Dynasty, the folk cast the inscription on the ironware. The bronze device was not reused. Jin Wen was not seen in history. The characteristics: . It is a rectangular, with the word and semi -character, the word is a positive body, the semi -word is the perpendicular foot, and the general proportion is about 3: 2. . The strokes are horizontal and vertical, the round is uniform, and the thickness is basically the same. All horizontal paintings and vertical paintings are parallel, all strokes are dominated by round, round up and round, and the square is round. . It is a balanced symmetry. Balanced space division and symmetry are the unique charm of seal books. Symmetry not only exists in the left and right symmetry, the upper and lower symmetry, but also the local symmetry of the word. . It is the top of the upper and lower loose. Most of the main parts of the small font are in the upper part, and the lower half of the lower part is a telescopic foot. Of course, there are also characters with no feet. The main strokes are in the lower part, and the upper strokes can be towering.
1. Oracle
It about 150,000 pieces of oracle bones and more than 4,500 words. The content recorded by these Oracle texts is extremely rich, involving many aspects of the social life of the Shang Dynasty, not only the content of politics, military, cultural, social customs, but also scientific and technologicals such as astronomy, calendar, and medicine.
It about 1,500 words recognized by Oracle, it already has the method of making words "pictographs, consequences, metaphysics, fingerprints, bets, and fake borrowings", showing the unique charm of Chinese characters. The Chinese Shang Dynasty and the early Western Zhou Dynasty (about 16 ~ 10th century BC) with turtle shells and animal bones as the carrier.
2. Golden text
is the name of a book body in ancient Chinese characters. The general name of the text on the bronze wares during the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Warring States Period. Golden Wen can be divided into four types, that is, the Shang Dynasty Jinwen (around 1300 BC ~ Around 1046), the Western Zhou Dynasty Jinwen (around 1046 to 771 BC), East Zhou Jinwen (770th ~ 222 BC BC BC The Qin and Han Jinwen (221st to 219th).
3. Xiaoyan
is after Qin Shihuang's unification of China (221), and the policy of "the same text, the same car", and the uniformly measured policy. Based on the text, simplify the text of the six nations, and create a form of Chinese characters with unified text. It was gradually replaced by Lishu in the late Western Han Dynasty (about 8 AD).
But because of its beautiful fonts, it is always favored by calligraphers. Because of its complicated strokes, the forms are strange, and can be added at will, the seal is engraved, especially the official seal that needs to be anti -counterfeit. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the princes were separated, and the Chinese characters in various countries had simple and different, and the words were multi -shape.
Peng Shihuang to destroy the six kingdoms, or ordered the "small 篆" of Qin Kingdom as a standard to unify the national text. The larvae, also known as the "scripture", is a collective name of Xiaozhang and Dayan. Because it is used to calling the essay as Daquan, the descendants often refer to Xiaoyan.
The expansion information:
Throphic characteristics:
. From the text on the oracle bone, they already have three elements: pen, knot, and chapters of Chinese calligraphy. The lines of the pen are strict and thin, and the rusts are well -interested. From the perspective of structural fonts, the text is not only changing. Although the size is different, they are relatively balanced and symmetrical, and it also shows a stable pattern.
This, from the perspective of the rules, although the size and shape of the bone slices, the engraved techniques and the artistic characteristics of the writing are still expressed. "Oracle Calligraphy" is now popular among some calligraphers and calligraphy enthusiasts, which proves its charm.
. From the perspective of the pen, the oracle bone text is engraved with a hard tortoise shell or animal bone because of the knife. The thickness of the strokes is also more uniform; because the knife and the knife are straight up, most lines show the slightly thin ends in the middle, which look thin and solid, straight and refreshing, and full of three -dimensional sense.
. In terms of words, the shape of the Oracle text is mostly a rectangular or minority square, and it has a symmetrical beauty or a polymer. In addition, Oracle also has a combination of squares in the knot. The structure form of the opening and closing conclusion, and some words also have more or less traces of pictographs, and have the childishness and vividness of the initial development stage of the text.
. From the perspective of the rules, the entire line of the line is clear, and the text is wrong. Each row, although there are dense changes, but the whole article can act in a lively situation that can run in a string, dependence on size, corresponding to the left and right, and echo the front and back. In addition, there are many words, and the whole article arranges compact, giving people a sense of dense, and those with few words appear to be sparse and empty.
The classification of Jinwen:
. The Shang Dynasty Jinwen
Even after the Shang Dynasty had bronze, the beginning of the golden text, after the Geng Geng moved to Yin (now northwest of Anyang, Henan). At the beginning, there were only a few numbers, and at the beginning of the beginning of the week, it had reached more than two hundred words. At the end of the business, there are more bronze wares of golden texts, but the description is still very simple, mostly the name of the castor or its ancestors. When the business died, the articles appeared, but the longest article at that time still had only more than forty words.
. The Golden Wenwen of the Western Zhou Dynasty
and from the Zhou Dynasty business, the golden texts gradually became happy, and the emperor, such as Zhao Wang southern patrol, Mu Wang Xiyuan, etc., there are many descriptions.
three, Dong Zhou Jinwen
. From the east of the Ping Wang to fall, the iron ware gradually saw, and the bronze music such as bells gradually became more and more than the outside of the bronze ware. Like, only for the princes, the fighting skills, and the scales are all cast. At this time, Jin Wen was widely used, and it was a heyday.
. Qin and Han Jinwen
Qin Shihuang was unified with the world, and the book was ordered in the same text. Wen gradually declined. As of the Han Dynasty, the folk cast the inscription on the ironware. The bronze device was not reused. Jin Wen was not seen in history.
The characteristics:
. It is a rectangular, with the word and semi -character, the word is a positive body, the semi -word is the perpendicular foot, and the general proportion is about 3: 2.
. The strokes are horizontal and vertical, the round is uniform, and the thickness is basically the same. All horizontal paintings and vertical paintings are parallel, all strokes are dominated by round, round up and round, and the square is round.
. It is a balanced symmetry. Balanced space division and symmetry are the unique charm of seal books. Symmetry not only exists in the left and right symmetry, the upper and lower symmetry, but also the local symmetry of the word.
. It is the top of the upper and lower loose. Most of the main parts of the small font are in the upper part, and the lower half of the lower part is a telescopic foot. Of course, there are also characters with no feet. The main strokes are in the lower part, and the upper strokes can be towering.
Reference information Source: Baidu Encyclopedia-Chinese characters
Introduction to Oracle Bone]
The oracle essay mainly refers to Yinxu Oracle, which is the text of the royal family in the later period of the Chinese Shang Dynasty (14th to 11th centuries). It is the earliest text in the ancient text that has been discovered in China and a relatively complete system.
The oracle text is an ancient text in China. It is considered to be an early form of modern Chinese characters. Sometimes it is also considered one of the books of Chinese characters. It is also the oldest mature text in China. Oracle is also known as instrument, tortoise shells, or turtle armor bone. The Shang Dynasty people used the divination time, the name of the divination, the divination of the divination, the divination of the divination, and the divination. However, the specific situation has a detailed difference due to the stage of oracle. It is roughly the most complete rhetoric of the Wuding period, and it is also the period when the number of existing number is the largest. Scholars call this record as a resignation, and this text is oracle. Yinxu Oracle is a record of divination of Yin Dynasty. It is the earliest mature text in China. Known as the earliest "archive library" in ancient China. About 150,000 pieces of oracle bones and more than 4,500 words are currently found. The content recorded by these Oracle texts is extremely rich, involving many aspects of the social life of the Shang Dynasty, not only the content of politics, military, cultural, social customs, but also scientific and technologicals such as astronomy, calendar, and medicine. From the perspective of about 1500 words recognized by Oracle, it already has the method of making words "pictographs, consequences, metaphysics, fingerprints, bets, and fake borrowings", showing the unique charm of Chinese characters. The Chinese Shang Dynasty and the early Western Zhou Dynasty (about 16 ~ 10th century BC) with turtle shells and animal bones as the carrier. It is the earliest form of known Chinese literature. The text engraved on the armor and bone was first known as the deed text, the oracle bone carving, the rhetoric, the turtle version of the text, the text of the Yinxu, etc., which is now called Oracle.商周帝王由于迷信，凡事都要用龟甲(以龟腹甲为常见)或兽骨(以牛肩胛骨为常见)进行占卜，然后把占卜的有关事情(如占卜时间、占卜者、占问内容、 Visiting the results of the tribal, verification, etc.) is engraved on the nail bone, and as a archive material, it is preserved by the royal historian (see the armor file). In addition to divination, there are a few notes in Oracle Literature. The content of Oracle literature involved in astronomy, calendar, meteorology, geography, Fang Guo, Fang Guo, Fang, family, figures, officials, conquests, prison, agriculture, animal husbandry, field hunting, transportation, religion, diseases, fertility, disaster, disaster, etc. It is an extremely precious first -hand information that studies the history, culture, and language of ancient Chinese society, especially the Shang Dynasty.
Golden text
The name of a book body in ancient Chinese characters. The general name of the text on the bronze wares during the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Warring States Period. Wu Shifen of the Qing Dynasty compiled the inscriptions of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties into the book "Guan Gu Lu Jin Wen". There were many collected materials. The test was rigorous and the impact was quite impact. The term Jin Wen said. At this time, the so -called Jinwen refers to the inscriptions of the entire article, unknown words. In 1925, Rong Geng edited the "Golden Essays" and compiled the words in the inscriptions of the Shang and Zhou Tongshuo in accordance with the order of "Said the Word" as a dictionary. From then on, Jin Wen became a book name. Jin Wen appeared in the middle of the Shang Dynasty. Although there were not many information, the age was earlier than Yinxu Oracle. The lower limit of the golden text was destroyed in the six kingdoms of Qin, that is, when Qin unified the Chinese text. The people's collection of copper in the Song Dynasty attached great importance to the inscriptions, such as Lu Dalin's "Archeological Map", etc.; There were also special inscriptions, such as Wang Yan's "Xiaotang Collection Ancient Records", etc.; Zhong Dingyun ". Due to the prosperity of "Said the text" and the depth of the teachings of the rhyme, under the influence of this style of academic style, inscription research has improved rapidly, and experts continue to occur, such as Wu Dazhen's "Words", "Speaking Wen Gu Ji Zongbu ", Sun Yan let" Ancient Pickups "," Another Another Theory "," Famous Yuan ", etc., all have the creativity and years of the predecessors. In the age of Jinwen, the use area is wide, and if the materials are not organized and cleaned up, the research work will not be greatly effective. Scholars have understood this in the past. Wang Guowei's "Two Week Golden Shi Yun Reading · Preface" is very clear about the concept of time and place. Guo Moruo's "Two Week Golden Cultivation Series · Preface" said: "When the era is based on the country's other, ... the rest of the Western Zhou Dynasty can be collected or near, 160 and two or two instruments ... … It is based on the country's other person, and in the past, it is also the time to obtain the 160s of the wenfan of the country. "This is an epoch -making initiative in the research of Jinwen. In 1985, Rong Geng's "Jinwen Editor" revised the fourth edition of the 4th edition of 3902 pieces, collected 2420 words (knowledgeable words), and 1352 words (not sure words), totaling 3772 words. This is the total number of Jinwen can be seen today. The pre -Qin text information is not limited to Jin Wen, and the golden text is the main thing after all. It reflects the basic situation of the development and change of Chinese characters in more than 1,000 years before Qin's unified text.
The representatives of 籀 籀, named the book of Tai Shiwen, Zhou Xuanwen. On the basis of the original text, he reformed it and was named because he was engraved on the stone drum. It was the earliest stone text that has been circulating so far, as the ancestor of the stone carving.
This names of Chinese characters. The essays or "Da Ye", the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are connected in the Qin Kingdom. The fonts are similar to the Qin Xuan, but the structure of the glyphs overlap.
The name of a book body in ancient Chinese characters. Also called "Book of Books", also known as Dayao. Starting in the later years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was in the Qin Kingdom. The font is similar to Qin Xuan, but the structure of the glyphs overlaps. Xu Shen's "Speaking Words" uses Xiaoyan as a positive character, and the essay included in "The Word of Specs" can be called "Said the text".
It two types of alien characters, one is called ancient text, and one is called the text, which refers to the different words in the "History". The handed down "Stone Drumwen" and "Cursing Chu Wen" are all works of Qin in the middle of the Warring States Period. Both of them belong to the big ya, most of which are the same as Xiao Yan, and there are many essays listed by the "Speaking". How many words "Shi Yan Chapter" is unknown. Xu Shen sees 9 articles and gives 220 different words.
r
also called "Qin Yan". Towel in the Qin Dynasty. The shape is long, uniform and complete, and it is derived from the big ya. Xu Shen, the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Speaking and Syllabus · Syrian" stated: "Emperor Qin Shi and the world at the beginning of the world ... 》, Tai Shi Ling Hu Wu respects the "Loch -to -Scholarship", all take history, or the so -called small crickets. " That is the masterpiece of Xiaoyan.
A small 篆 engraved on Qin Quan is said to be the small man written by Li Si Shu after the unification of Qin Shihuang, which was promoted to "the same text, the same car of the car", and the unified and measured policy. On the basis of the original use of Qin State, simplify the forms of alien characters of other six countries, and the formation of unified text Chinese characters in other six countries. It has been popular in China to the late Western Han Dynasty before being gradually replaced by Lishu. It is always favored by the calligrapher. And because of its complicated strokes, strange forms, and can be added at will, seal engraved, especially the official seal that needs to be anti -counterfeiting. Appears. The Kangxi Dictionary also has a small way to write all the characters.
cursive
cursive writing is a font for convenient writing. It started in the early Han Dynasty. The scribbled Lishu, which was later developed, forming a "Zhangcao" with artistic value. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhi changed the "Zhangcao" as "Jincao", and the word was made. Sucai has developed into a "crazy grass" with a variety of glyphs. The characteristics of
The cursive is characterized by simple structure and strokes. Conflict; Jincao started in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, with diverse styles and beautiful pens. Such as the Tang Dynasty Zhang Xu's "Thousands of Crimson", "Four of the Ancient Poems", Huai Su Seng's "Self -narrative Post", etc., Sun Guoting's "Book Book" is different, and it is not connected, but it is lively and beautiful. "Grass" is relatively symmetrical and "small grass". The grass is purely used by grass, and it is difficult to identify. Zhang Xu and Huai Su are so good. "Book" talks about classic calligraphy: Xiao Cao learn to dedicate, to learn to learn, and to learn Zhang Xu in the grass. Zhang Xu has a variety of changes in shape. It is often a number of numbers. The momentum between the interval is constant and difficult to identify, forming a unique style. Sadness and joy, resentment, admiration, drunk, boring, unevenness, and being moved in the heart, they must be in cursive script. "Therefore, learning Zhang Xu is difficult. Or it is called true books. Its characteristics are: the body is positive, the strokes are straight, and can be used as a model, so the name. Beginning in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are many famous masters in the regular script, such as "European style" (Ouyang Xun), "Yu Shi Nan), and "Yan Zhenqing" (Yan Zhenqing), "Liu Tuan" (Liu Gongquan), "Zhao Tuan" (Zhao Yuxia) Wait.
Song Xuanhe Books: "There are Wang Cizhong in the early Han Dynasty, and the words were used as a regular script." According to rumors: "On the tomb of Confucius, a regular tree of Zigongzhi, the branches are straight but not flexed."
The "regular script" in the early days still remains very few lixtures. , "Recommended Season", Wang Xizhi's "Le Yi Theory" and "Huang Ting Jing", etc., can be a masterpiece. Looking at the characteristics, as Weng Fanggang said, "The waves of Lishu, pecking and picking, and still existence of the ancient life."
Peofedish in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the north and south were divided, and the calligraphy was also divided into north and south. In the north, with the heritage of Han Li, the style of the pen is ancient and righteous, and the style is simple and strict, which is longer than the list of books. The south school calligraphy is more sparsely displayed, which is longer than the ruler. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, due to the differences in regional, personal habits and style of books are very different. The North Book is strong, and the southern book is borrowed, and its own wonderfulness has no differences. Kang's ten beauty to emphasize the advantages of Wei Bei.
The regular script of the Tang Dynasty, like the prosperity of the state of the Tang Dynasty, is really unprecedented. The book is mature, and the scholars are produced. In terms of regular script, Yu Shinan, Ouyang Xun, Chu Suiliang, Men's Yan Zhenqing, and Liu Gongquan in the late Tang Dynasty were all emphasized by later generations, and they were regarded as models of words.
The ancient people to learn calligraphy: "Study books must first be in order, and to write big characters first. The big characters are based on Yan as the law, the middle case is based on the European law, and the middle case is familiar. Taking the king as the law. " However, according to the results of many years of experimental research, it is not suitable to learn too much in writing, and the middle case is more suitable.
The lines of lines
The font between regular script and cursive script can be said to be a cursive or cursive regularization of regular script. It is produced to make up for the writing speed of the regular script and the difficulty of cursive script. The pens are not as scribbled as cursive script, nor do they require the regular script. Kaifa is more called "Xingkai" than the grass method. The grass method is more than Kaifa's "Xingcao". The script is about the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
The most famous representative works are the "Lanting Preface" of the Eastern Jin Dynasty calligraphy, Wang Xizhi. The predecessors described their words "Dragon Jumping Tianmen, Tiger lying Fengge", praised as "the first book in the world". Tang Yanzhen's book "The Arcade of the Nepheth" was very enthusiastic. The script with regular script or close to the regular script is called "Xingkai", and those with cursive or close to cursive script are called "grass". The famous representative works in Xingkai are Li Yan's "Lushan Temple Stele" in the Tang Dynasty, which is smooth and moist. There are also Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Yan, Cai Xiang, Zhao Mengfu (down) in the Yuan Dynasty, Xian Yu Shu, Kangli, Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhengming, Dong Qichang, Wang Duo, and He Shaoji of the Qing Dynasty. There are many works handed down by books or grass.
Oracle mainly refers to Yinxu Oracle, which is the text of the royal family in the later period of the Chinese Shang Dynasty (14th to 11th centuries). It is the earliest text in the ancient text that has been discovered in China and a relatively complete system.
The oracle text is an ancient text in China. It is considered to be an early form of modern Chinese characters. Sometimes it is also considered one of the books of Chinese characters. It is also the oldest mature text in China. Oracle is also known as instrument, tortoise shells, or turtle armor bone. The Shang Dynasty people used the divination time, the name of the divination, the divination of the divination, the divination of the divination, and the divination. However, the specific situation has a detailed difference due to the stage of oracle. It is roughly the most complete rhetoric of the Wuding period, and it is also the period when the number of existing number is the largest. Scholars call this record as a resignation, and this text is oracle. Yinxu Oracle is a record of divination of Yin Dynasty. It is the earliest mature text in China. Known as the earliest "archive library" in ancient China. About 150,000 pieces of oracle bones and more than 4,500 words are currently found. The content recorded by these Oracle texts is extremely rich, involving many aspects of the social life of the Shang Dynasty, not only the content of politics, military, cultural, social customs, but also scientific and technologicals such as astronomy, calendar, and medicine. From the perspective of about 1500 words recognized by Oracle, it already has the method of making words "pictographs, consequences, metaphysics, fingerprints, bets, and fake borrowings", showing the unique charm of Chinese characters. The Chinese Shang Dynasty and the early Western Zhou Dynasty (about 16 ~ 10th century BC) with turtle shells and animal bones as the carrier. It is the earliest form of known Chinese literature. The text engraved on the armor and bone was first known as the deed text, the oracle bone carving, the rhetoric, the turtle version of the text, the text of the Yinxu, etc., which is now called Oracle.商周帝王由于迷信，凡事都要用龟甲(以龟腹甲为常见)或兽骨(以牛肩胛骨为常见)进行占卜，然后把占卜的有关事情(如占卜时间、占卜者、占问内容、 Visiting the results of the tribal, verification, etc.) is engraved on the nail bone, and as a archive material, it is preserved by the royal historian (see the armor file). In addition to divination, there are a few notes in Oracle Literature. The content of Oracle literature involved in astronomy, calendar, meteorology, geography, Fang Guo, Fang Guo, Fang, family, figures, officials, conquests, prison, agriculture, animal husbandry, field hunting, transportation, religion, diseases, fertility, disaster, disaster, etc. It is an extremely precious first -hand information that studies the history, culture, and language of ancient Chinese society, especially the Shang Dynasty.
Golden text
The name of a book body in ancient Chinese characters. The general name of the text on the bronze wares during the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Warring States Period. Wu Shifen of the Qing Dynasty compiled the inscriptions of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties into the book "Guan Gu Lu Jin Wen". There were many collected materials. The test was rigorous and the impact was quite impact. The term Jin Wen said. At this time, the so -called Jinwen refers to the inscriptions of the entire article, unknown words. In 1925, Rong Geng edited the "Golden Essays" and compiled the words in the inscriptions of the Shang and Zhou Tongshuo in accordance with the order of "Said the Word" as a dictionary. From then on, Jin Wen became a book name. Jin Wen appeared in the middle of the Shang Dynasty. Although there were not many information, the age was earlier than Yinxu Oracle. The lower limit of the golden text was destroyed in the six kingdoms of Qin, that is, when Qin unified the Chinese text. The people's collection of copper in the Song Dynasty attached great importance to the inscriptions, such as Lu Dalin's "Archeological Map", etc.; There were also special inscriptions, such as Wang Yan's "Xiaotang Collection Ancient Records", etc.; Zhong Dingyun ". Due to the prosperity of "Said the text" and the depth of the teachings of the rhyme, under the influence of this style of academic style, inscription research has improved rapidly, and experts continue to occur, such as Wu Dazhen's "Words", "Speaking Wen Gu Ji Zongbu ", Sun Yan let" Ancient Pickups "," Another Another Theory "," Famous Yuan ", etc., all have the creativity and years of the predecessors. In the age of Jinwen, the use area is wide, and if the materials are not organized and cleaned up, the research work will not be greatly effective. Scholars have understood this in the past. Wang Guowei's "Two Week Golden Shi Yun Reading · Preface" is very clear about the concept of time and place. Guo Moruo's "Two Week Golden Cultivation Series · Preface" said: "When the era is based on the country's other, ... the rest of the Western Zhou Dynasty can be collected or near, 160 and two or two instruments ... … It is based on the country's other person, and in the past, it is also the time to obtain the 160s of the wenfan of the country. "This is an epoch -making initiative in the research of Jinwen. In 1985, Rong Geng's "Jinwen Editor" revised the fourth edition of the 4th edition of 3902 pieces, collected 2420 words (knowledgeable words), and 1352 words (not sure words), totaling 3772 words. This is the total number of Jinwen can be seen today. The pre -Qin text information is not limited to Jin Wen, and the golden text is the main thing after all. It reflects the basic situation of the development and change of Chinese characters in more than 1,000 years before Qin's unified text.
The representatives of 籀 籀, named the book of Tai Shiwen, Zhou Xuanwen. On the basis of the original text, he reformed it and was named because he was engraved on the stone drum. It was the earliest stone text that has been circulating so far, as the ancestor of the stone carving.
This names of Chinese characters. The essays or "Da Ye", the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are connected in the Qin Kingdom. The fonts are similar to the Qin Xuan, but the structure of the glyphs overlap.
The name of a book body in ancient Chinese characters. Also called "Book of Books", also known as Dayao. Starting in the later years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was in the Qin Kingdom. The font is similar to Qin Xuan, but the structure of the glyphs overlaps. Xu Shen's "Speaking Words" uses Xiaoyan as a positive character, and the essay included in "The Word of Specs" can be called "Said the text".
It two types of alien characters, one is called ancient text, and one is called the text, which refers to the different words in the "History". The handed down "Stone Drumwen" and "Cursing Chu Wen" are all works of Qin in the middle of the Warring States Period. Both of them belong to the big ya, most of which are the same as Xiao Yan, and there are many essays listed by the "Speaking". How many words "Shi Yan Chapter" is unknown. Xu Shen sees 9 articles and gives 220 different words.
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also called "Qin Yan". Towel in the Qin Dynasty. The shape is long, uniform and complete, and it is derived from the big ya. Xu Shen, the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Speaking and Syllabus · Syrian" stated: "Emperor Qin Shi and the world at the beginning of the world ... 》, Tai Shi Ling Hu Wu respects the "Loch -to -Scholarship", all take history, or the so -called small crickets. " That is the masterpiece of Xiaoyan.
A small 篆 engraved on Qin Quan is said to be the small man written by Li Si Shu after the unification of Qin Shihuang, which was promoted to "the same text, the same car of the car", and the unified and measured policy. On the basis of the original use of Qin State, simplify the forms of alien characters of other six countries, and the formation of unified text Chinese characters in other six countries. It has been popular in China to the late Western Han Dynasty before being gradually replaced by Lishu. It is always favored by the calligrapher. And because of its complicated strokes, strange forms, and can be added at will, seal engraved, especially the official seal that needs to be anti -counterfeiting. Appears. The Kangxi Dictionary also has a small way to write all the characters.
cursive
cursive writing is a font for convenient writing. It started in the early Han Dynasty. The scribbled Lishu, which was later developed, forming a "Zhangcao" with artistic value. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhi changed the "Zhangcao" as "Jincao", and the word was made. Sucai has developed into a "crazy grass" with a variety of glyphs. The characteristics of
The cursive is characterized by simple structure and strokes. Conflict; Jincao started in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, with diverse styles and beautiful pens. Such as the Tang Dynasty Zhang Xu's "Thousands of Crimson", "Four of the Ancient Poems", Huai Su Seng's "Self -narrative Post", etc., Sun Guoting's "Book Book" is different, and it is not connected, but it is lively and beautiful. "Grass" is relatively symmetrical and "small grass". The grass is purely used by grass, and it is difficult to identify. Zhang Xu and Huai Su are so good. "Book" talks about classic calligraphy: Xiao Cao learn to dedicate, to learn to learn, and to learn Zhang Xu in the grass. Zhang Xu has a variety of changes in shape. It is often a number of numbers. The momentum between the interval is constant and difficult to identify, forming a unique style. Sadness and joy, resentment, admiration, drunk, boring, unevenness, and being moved in the heart, they must be in cursive script. "Therefore, learning Zhang Xu is difficult. Or it is called true books. Its characteristics are: the body is positive, the strokes are straight, and can be used as a model, so the name. Beginning in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are many famous masters in the regular script, such as "European style" (Ouyang Xun), "Yu Shi Nan), and "Yan Zhenqing" (Yan Zhenqing), "Liu Tuan" (Liu Gongquan), "Zhao Tuan" (Zhao Yuxia), etc. Essence
Song Xuanhe Books: "There are Wang Cizhong in the early Han Dynasty, and the words were used as a regular script." According to rumors: "On the tomb of Confucius, a regular tree of Zigongzhi, the branches are straight but not flexed."
The "regular script" in the early days still remains very few lixtures. , "Recommended Season", Wang Xizhi's "Le Yi Theory" and "Huang Ting Jing", etc., can be a masterpiece. Looking at the characteristics, as Weng Fanggang said, "The waves of Lishu, pecking and picking, and still existence of the ancient life."
Peofedish in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the north and south were divided, and the calligraphy was also divided into north and south. In the north, with the heritage of Han Li, the style of the pen is ancient and righteous, and the style is simple and strict, which is longer than the list of books. The south school calligraphy is more sparsely displayed, which is longer than the ruler. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, due to the differences in regional, personal habits and style of books are very different. The North Book is strong, and the southern book is borrowed, and its own wonderfulness has no differences. Kang's ten beauty to emphasize the advantages of Wei Bei.
The regular script of the Tang Dynasty, like the prosperity of the state of the Tang Dynasty, is really unprecedented. The book is mature, and the scholars are produced. In terms of regular script, Yu Shinan, Ouyang Xun, Chu Suiliang, Men's Yan Zhenqing, and Liu Gongquan in the late Tang Dynasty were all emphasized by later generations, and they were regarded as models of words.
The ancient people to learn calligraphy: "Study books must first be in order, and to write big characters first. The big characters are based on Yan as the law, the middle case is based on the European law, and the middle case is familiar. Taking the king as the law. " However, according to the results of many years of experimental research, it is not suitable to learn too much in writing, and the middle case is more suitable.
The lines of lines
The font between regular script and cursive script can be said to be a cursive or cursive regularization of regular script. It is produced to make up for the writing speed of the regular script and the difficulty of cursive script. The pens are not as scribbled as cursive script, nor do they require the regular script. Kaifa is more called "Xingkai" than the grass method. The grass method is more than Kaifa's "Xingcao". The script is about the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
The most famous representative works are the "Lanting Preface" of the Eastern Jin Dynasty calligraphy, Wang Xizhi. The predecessors described their words "Dragon Jumping Tianmen, Tiger lying Fengge", praised as "the first book in the world". Tang Yanzhen's book "The Arcade of the Nepheth" was very enthusiastic. The script with regular script or close to the regular script is called "Xingkai", and those with cursive or close to cursive script are called "grass". The famous representative works in Xingkai are Li Yan's "Lushan Temple Stele" in the Tang Dynasty, which is smooth and moist. There are also Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Yan, Cai Xiang, Zhao Mengfu (down) in the Yuan Dynasty, Xian Yu Shu, Kangli, Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhengming, Dong Qichang, Wang Duo, and He Shaoji of the Qing Dynasty. There are many works handed down by books or grass, there are many works handed down
Oracle is a kind of ancient text in China, also known as "Qi Wen", "Oracle Bone", "Yinxu Text" or "Turtle Beast Bone Bone". It is the earliest mature Chinese character that we can see. It mainly refers to the texts that are used by the late Chinese business and North Korea royal family for divination notes and on the tortoise shells or beast bones. Given carrier.
In the earliest villagers in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan, at the time they did not know that this was an ancient relic. It was only used as a "keel" for medicinal materials that cure all diseases. The powder wasted, and many of the extremely valuable cultural relics were wasted. Later, the late Qing Dynasty officials and Jinshi scholars Wang Yirong found the place where the Oracle Bone was always found on the oracle bone from Anyang, Henan. For more than a hundred years, more than 1,54600 nail bones have been excavated through archeological excavations and other channels. In addition, Oracle has also appeared in Henan and other parts of Shaanxi, and it continued from the late business (about 1300 BC) to the spring and autumn.
The name of a book body in ancient Chinese characters. The general name of the text on the bronze wares during the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Warring States Period. Golden Wen can be divided into four types, that is, the Shang Dynasty Jinwen (around 1300 BC ~ Around 1046), the Western Zhou Dynasty Jinwen (around 1046 to 771 BC), East Zhou Jinwen (770th ~ 222 BC BC BC The Qin and Han Jinwen (221st to 219th).
The Shang Dynasty Jinwen
He even if the Shang Dynasty had bronze, the beginning of the golden text, after the Geng Geng moved to Yin (now northwest of Anyang, Henan). At the beginning, there were only a few numbers, and at the beginning of the beginning of the week, it had reached more than two hundred words. At the end of the business, there are more bronze wares of golden texts, but the description is still very simple, mostly the name of the castor or its ancestors. When the business died, the articles appeared, but the longest article at that time still had only more than forty words.
Xiaoyu, also known as Qin Xuan, is a passable book organized by the prime minister Li Si after the unity of Qin. Due to the long -term regional separation of Qin unification, the "speech was different, the text was alien", the writing form was very inconsistent, and the polygonal phenomenon was very serious. For example, there are more than 20 ways of writing "sheep", which brings great inconvenience to the development of economic and cultural exchanges. Therefore, while unified currency, car rails and measurement systems, we also focus on promoting the "book peer" policy.
"Said the Wingwen · Syrian" records "Prime Minister Li Si played the same, and he would not cooperate with Qin Wen. Do not respect the writing of "Monographies", all of which are taken by Shi Yan Da, or the provinces are changed. Li Si deleted complexity on the basis of the essay, abolished the foreign body, and created Qin Xuan, unifying the text of the country.
On the basis of the original Oracle, Jinwen, Jinwen Daquan and Xiaoyan, in order to allow the majority of calligraphy enthusiasts to find all Oracle, Jinwen, Jinwen Daquan and Xiaoyan On the basis of it, more than 6,000 Oracle, more than 4,500 golden texts, more than 1,000 golden texts, and more than 1,000 small seals have been recounted alone. These words are words that cannot be found in these 4 fonts.
First, from the text on the oracle bone, they already have three elements of Chinese calligraphy's pen, knot, and rules. The lines of the pen are strict and thin, and the rusts are well -interested. From the perspective of structural fonts, the text is not only changing. Although the size is different, they are relatively balanced and symmetrical, and it also shows a stable pattern.
This, from the perspective of the rules, although the size and shape of the bone slices, the engraved techniques and the artistic characteristics of the writing are still expressed. "Oracle Calligraphy" is now popular among some calligraphers and calligraphy enthusiasts, which proves its charm.
. From the perspective of the pen, the oracle bone text is engraved with a hard tortoise shell or animal bone because of the knife. The thickness of the strokes is also more uniform; because the knife and the knife are straight up, most lines show the slightly thin ends in the middle, which look thin and solid, straight and refreshing, and full of three -dimensional sense.
. In terms of words, the shape of the Oracle text is mostly a rectangular or minority square, and it has a symmetrical beauty or a polymer. In addition, Oracle also has a combination of squares in the knot. The structure form of the opening and closing conclusion, and some words also have more or less traces of pictographs, and have the childishness and vividness of the initial development stage of the text.
. From the perspective of the rules, the entire line of the line is clear, and the text is wrong. Each row, although there are dense changes, but the whole article can act in a lively situation that can run in a string, dependence on size, corresponding to the left and right, and echo the front and back. In addition, there are many words, and the whole article arranges compact, giving people a sense of dense, and those with few words appear to be sparse and empty.
The classification of Jinwen:
. The Shang Dynasty Jinwen
Even after the Shang Dynasty had bronze, the beginning of the golden text, after the Geng Geng moved to Yin (now northwest of Anyang, Henan). At the beginning, there were only a few numbers, and at the beginning of the beginning of the week, it had reached more than two hundred words. At the end of the business, there are more bronze wares of golden texts, but the description is still very simple, mostly the name of the castor or its ancestors. When the business died, the articles appeared, but the longest article at that time still had only more than forty words.
. The Golden Wenwen of the Western Zhou Dynasty
and from the Zhou Dynasty business, the golden texts gradually became happy, and the emperor, such as Zhao Wang southern patrol, Mu Wang Xiyuan, etc., there are many descriptions.
three, Dong Zhou Jinwen
. From the east of the Ping Wang to fall, the iron ware gradually saw, and the bronze music such as bells gradually became more and more than the outside of the bronze ware. Like, only for the princes, the fighting skills, and the scales are all cast. At this time, Jin Wen was widely used, and it was a heyday.
. Qin and Han Jinwen
Qin Shihuang was unified with the world, and the book was ordered in the same text. Wen gradually declined. As of the Han Dynasty, the folk cast the inscription on the ironware. The bronze device was not reused. Jin Wen was not seen in history.
The characteristics:
. It is a rectangular, with the word and semi -character, the word is a positive body, the semi -word is the perpendicular foot, and the general proportion is about 3: 2.
. The strokes are horizontal and vertical, the round is uniform, and the thickness is basically the same. All horizontal paintings and vertical paintings are parallel, all strokes are dominated by round, round up and round, and the square is round.
. It is a balanced symmetry. Balanced space division and symmetry are the unique charm of seal books. Symmetry not only exists in the left and right symmetry, the upper and lower symmetry, but also the local symmetry of the word.
. It is the top of the upper and lower loose. Most of the main parts of the small font are in the upper part, and the lower half of the lower part is a telescopic foot. Of course, there are also characters with no feet. The main strokes are in the lower part, and the upper strokes can be towering.